Premchand || Dhanpat Rai Srivastava || پریم چند || دھنپت رائے سری واستوو
Premchand || Dhanpat Rai Srivastava || پریم چند || دھنپت رائے سری واستوو
Premchand's (پریم چند)
real name was Dhanpat Rai Srivastava (دھنپت رائے).
His uncle named him “Nawab Rai” (نواب رائے)
which he liked. Premchand used to use “Nawab Rai” as a pen name but after
seizure of the fiction collection “Soz-e-Watan” (سوز
وطن), on the advice of his close friend "Zamana" (زمانہ) editor “Diya Narain Nigam” (دیانرائن نگم), he started writing under the name
“Premchand”.
Premchand was born on 31st July 1880 in a town Lamhi in
Banaras. Premchand's father's name was “Munshi Ajaib Lal” (منشی عجائب لال), who was a clerk in a local post office.
Premchand passed the BA examination from Allahabad University. Premchand died
in 1936 in Banaras.
FICTION BY PREMCHAND
Before Premchand, there were
translations of a few legends and a few original legends in Urdu, but if judged
on the criteria of art, it is difficult to call them fiction.
Premchand is the first writer of Urdu
literature who turned seriously towards this genre. Prof. Qamar Rais (قمر رئیس) says that the tradition of Premchand was
the main tradition in Urdu literature. Premchand's fictions have been shining
like lamps in every destination of the journey of Urdu fiction.
Premchand began writing fiction from
1907 AD under the assumed name of Nawab Roy, but Premchand started his literary
career in 1901 by writing a novella "Ek Mamun Ka Romaan"(ایک ماموں کا
رومان).
In 1908, his first collection of
stories was published under the name "Soz-e-Watan". His first published
fiction is "Ishq Duniya Aur Hub-e-Watan" (عشق دنیا اور حب
وطن) which was published in the magazine
"Zamana" Kanpur in April 1908. It is included in Soz-e-Watan. This
collection marks the beginning of the first regular period of Urdu fiction and
awakens the spirit of patriotism in the heart of the reader. But the government
did not like its publication, it was confiscated and Nawab Roy (Author) was
instructed not to publish any fiction or article without the pre-approval of
the government. This incident dates back to 1910, so after the official ban,
three of his stories "Gana Ka Agankund" (گنا کا اگن کنڈ), "Ser-e-Dervish" (سیر درویش) and "Rani Saranda" (رانی سارندہ)
were published without the author's name.
Before Premchand, there
was no significant tradition of fiction writing in Urdu. There were few short
stories and those were only counted which are not counted today. Therefore, it
can be said that Premchand laid the foundation of Urdu fiction
and he is also credited with building a magnificent palace on this basis. The
depiction of villages is Premchand's most important feature,
before him, there was no mention of the village culture in Urdu literature and
only urban life was presented. He grew up in the village so the Indian village
was ingrained in him.
There is another side to Premchand's
fiction. He is a reformist and wants to remove the evils from society. The
oppression of the poor, the abuses of the capitalists and religious
freelancers, the contempt of the upper castes and other such evils torment
them. Therefore, the desire to remove them arises in their hearts so he write
reform fiction and present exemplary characters. In most stories they show the
victory of good and the defeat of evil.
Realism is another important feature
of Premchand's fiction. He described life as it was. In an
article, Premchand writes that fiction considers the natural
depiction of facts as its goal, it has less imagination and more experiences,
and in a letter he also clarifies that my stories are often based on some kind
of observation and experience. There are.
Premchand believes that man is good by nature. In an
article, he writes,
"A bad person is not bad at all, there
must be an angel hidden somewhere in him. To bring out this hidden or dream
angel and bring it to the fore is the way of a successful fiction writer".
Lovers of social justice were very
persuasive. Premchand attached great importance to communal
harmony. His attitude towards religion was very healthy. He considered religion
as a private matter of man. According to them, language and culture are a
separate thing and religion is a separate thing. Philanthropy is actually the
passion that is the basis of their thoughts and ideas.
He considers unity of expression to be the
most important thing for fiction and emphasizes that there should not be a
single word or phrase in fiction that does not clarify its main idea. Premchand
has shown great artistry in characterization. According to a critic, it gave
him more charm than princes and more than the fairies of fairyland. Premchand's
characterization of psychoanalysis is the biggest trick.
Premchand wrote in an essay,
"Literature will meet our criteria which
has concern, spirit of freedom, essence of beauty, spirit of construction,
which creates movement, commotion and light in us".
FICTION COLLECTIONS OF PREMCHAND
“Soze-e-Watan” (سوز وطن):- Published in 1908, this is a collection
of five stories.
"Prem Pachapesi" (پریم پچپیسی) Part I: - Published in 1914, it is a
collection of twelve fables.
"Prem Pachapesi (پریم پچپیسی) Part II”:-
Published in 1918 which is a collection of thirteen fables.
"Prem Batisi Part I":- Published in 1920 it has sixteen
stories.
"Prem Batisi Part II”:- Published in 1920 AD which has sixteen
stories.
"Khak Parwana" (خاک پروانہ):- Published in 1928 AD. It is also a
collection of sixteen stories.
“Khawab wa Khayal”:- Published in 1928 which has fourteen short
stories.
"Firdous-e-Khayal” (فردوس خیال):- Published in 1929. It is a collection
of twelve fables.
"Prem Chalisi” (پریم چالیسی) Part I and II:- Both these collections
were published in 1920 AD. There are ten stories in each section.
“Aakhri Tohfa” (The Last
Gift, آخری تحفہ):- Published in
1934 AD which contains thirteen stories.
"Zad-e-Rah” (زاد راہ):- Published in 1936 AD in which the
author selected fifteen short stories.
“Doodh ki Qimat” (Price
of Milk, دودھ کی قیمت):- Published in
1937 AD. It is a collection of nine stories.
“Wardat” (Plot, واردات):-
Published in 1938 which has thirteen short stories.
Apart from these fictional
collections, Premchand has also written some novels which are as
follows.
“Asrar Muahida” (اسرار معاہدہ):- Premchand's first novel
which was published incompletely in 1905 AD.
“Hum Khurma Wahm-e-Sawaab”
(ہم خرما وہم ثواب):-
Published in 1905 AD.
“Kishna - Ruthi Rani”, (کشنا – روٹھی رانی)
“Jalwa-e-Isar” (جلوہ ایثار):- Published in 1912 AD. It is a
biographical novel in which Premchand has tried to adapt the life
and personality of Swami Devika Nanda in the form of a novel.
“Bazar-e-Husan” (بازار حسن):- This Urdu novel was published in two
parts. The first part was published in 1921 AD while the second part was
published in 1922 AD.
"Gosha-e-Afiaat” (گوشہ عافیت):- Gusha Aafiat was published in Urdu in
1928. Gusha Aafiat is not only Premchand novel but the first novel in Indian
literature that deals with the life of the working class of India and its basic
problems ۔
“Chogan Hasti” (چوگان ہستی):- This novel was published in Urdu in
1927. Its main character is Surdas. It can also be called Rudad of Pandepur.
“Parda-e-Majaz” (پردہ مجاز)
“Nirmala” (نرملا):- This novel was published in 1929.
Apart from these
novels, the author has also written the biographical collection "Bakmalon
Ke Darshan" (باکمالوں کے درشن),
and various plays Sangram (سنگرام), Karbala
(کربلا)
and Prem Ki Devi (پریم کی دیوی).
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